However, there are numerous variations of the "North" point symbol, depending on the designer's fancy (Figure 8.2). This symbol, which is usually an arrow labeled "N" for north, enables the reader of a construction drawing to orient it. One of the most important symbols to use right at the beginning of a new job is the directional symbol. Trade-specific symbols are included for the electrical, HVAC, and plumbing trades. For example, the same symbol is used for every revision it is the number within the graphic that carries specific information. The same graphic can be used for more than one purpose.
Graphic symbols are often used on building plans to show elements such as gas and water service lines and window types as well as to list drawing notes and identify finishes and revisions. Notice that the highlighted portions do not necessarily have to be circles but can take on other shapes. These portions are detailed to a larger scale at another location within the set. The symbols discussed in this chapter are not all-inclusive by any means, but they are the ones that the builder or designer is likely to encounter in most general building-construction applications.įigure 8.1 A computer-generated section of a residential structure showing different elements with encircled portions. Individual drawings may be referenced many times throughout a set of construction drawings. This is usually a combination of numbers: the number for the individual drawing as well as the page or sheet number on which the specific drawing appears. In order for this system of symbols to work, each drawing within the set has its own unique number. Modified symbols are normally selected by the consultant because they are easier to draw and interpret and are sufficient for most applications. For this reason, most drawings have a symbol list or legend drawn and lettered either on each set of working drawings or in the written specifications. However, designers and drafters continue to modify some of these symbols to suit their own particular needs for the types of projects they are normally commissioned to design. The majority of architects and engineers today use symbols adopted by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Symbols may vary slightly from one locale to another. Visualizing and reading construction drawings therefore necessitate a knowledge of symbols and abbreviations used in the construction industry and of their proper use in representing materials and other components and their locations (Figure 8.2). Drawing simple building components without the use of symbols would indeed be a tiresome task. In the preparation of working drawings for the building-construction industry, architects and engineers have devised systems of abbreviations, symbols, and keynotes to simplify the work of those preparing the drawings and to keep the size and bulk of the construction documents to an acceptable, comprehensible minimum.
For example, a circle drawn around an area of a drawing with an extension to a number would indicate that this portion of the drawing has been drawn to a larger scale to provide more information than would be possible at the existing scale (Figure 8.1).
One of the main functions of graphic symbols on construction drawings is to reference other drawings within the set. Blueprint drawings-as applied to the building-construction industry-are generally used to show how a building, object, or system is to be constructed, implemented, modified, or repaired.
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